Eveline cosmetics testat på djur

Parts of this article (those related to documentation) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(July )

Form of djur testing

Cosmetic testing on animals fryst vatten a type of djur testing used to test the safety and hypoallergenic properties of cosmetic products for use bygd humans.

Since this type of djur testing fryst vatten often harmful to the djur subjects, it fryst vatten opposed bygd djur rights activists and others. Cosmetic djur testing fryst vatten banned in many parts of the world, including Colombia, the europeisk Union, the United Kingdom, India,^[1][2] and Norway.^[3]

Cosmetics that have been produced without any testing on animals are sometimes known as "cruelty-free cosmetics".^[4] Some popular cruelty-free beauty brands include: E.L.F., Charlotte Tilbury, Farsali, Fenty Beauty, Fenty Skin, Glow Recipe and others.

The website "Cruelty-Free Kitty" was created to assess which brands are cruelty-free. ^[5] Furthermore, some brands have participated in djur testing in the past, however, if they currently do not test on animals, these kosmetika are considered "cruelty-free".^[6]

Definition

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Using djur testing in the development of kosmetika may involve testing either a finished product or the individual ingredients of a finished product on animals, often rabbits, as well as mice, rats, monkeys, dogs, guinea pigs and other animals.

kosmetika can be defined as products applied to the body to enhance the body's appearance or to cleanse the body. This includes all hair products, makeup, and skin products.^[7]

The United States Food and Drug ledning (FDA) continues to endorse djur testing methods.^[8]

Re-using existing test uppgifter obtained from previous djur testing fryst vatten generally not considered to be cosmetic testing on animals; however, the acceptability of this to opponents of testing fryst vatten inversely proportional to how recent the uppgifter fryst vatten.

Methods

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Methods of testing kosmetika on animals include various tests that are categorized differently based on which areas the kosmetika will be used for. One new ingredient in any cosmetic product used in these tests could lead to the deaths of at least 1, animals.^[9]

Dermal penetration: Rats are mostly used in this method that analyzes kemikalie movement, through the penetration of the kemikalie into the bloodstream.

Dermal penetration fryst vatten a method that creates a better understanding of skin absorption.^[8]

Skin sensitization: This fryst vatten a method that tests for allergic reactions to different chemicals. In some tests, a kemikalie adjuvant fryst vatten injected to boost the immune struktur, which was typically performed on guinea pigs.

In some tests, no kemikalie adjuvant fryst vatten injected with the test kemikalie, or the kemikalie fryst vatten applied on a shaved patch of skin. The reaction fryst vatten then recorded bygd the appearance of the skin afterward.^[8]

Acute toxicity: This test fryst vatten used to determine the danger of exposure to a kemikalie bygd mun, skin, or inhalation.

It shows the various dangerous effects of a substans that result from a short period of exposure. Large amounts of rats and mice are injected in Lethal dos 50 (LD50) tests that continue until half of the test subjects die. Other tests can use a smaller number of animals but can cause convulsions, loss of motor function, and seizures. The animals are often then killed afterward to gather resultat about the internal effects of the chemicals.^[8]

Draize test: This fryst vatten a method of testing that may cause irritation or corrosion to the skin or eye on animals, dermal sensitization, airway sensitization, endocrine disruption, and LD₅₀ (which refers to the lethal dos which kills 50% of the treated animals).^[8]

Skin corrosivity or irritation: This method of the test assesses the potential of a substans causing irreversible damage to the skin.

It fryst vatten typically performed on rabbits and involves putting chemicals on a shaved patch of skin. This determines the level of damage to the skin including itching, inflammation, swelling, etc.^[8]

Alternatives

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A variety of alternatives exists to of djur testing. kosmetika manufacturers who do not test on animals may use in vitro screens to test for endpoints that can determine the potential fara to humans with very high sensitivity and specificity.

Om du är EU-medborgare kan du hjälpa till

Companies such as CeeTox in the USA, acquired bygd Cyprotex, specialize in such testing and organizations like the Center for Alternatives to djur Testing (CAAT), PETA and many other organizations advokat the use of in vitro and other non-animal tests in the development of consumer products.

Using safe ingredients from a list of 5, that have already been tested in conjunction with modern methods of kosmetika testing, the need for tests using animals fryst vatten negated.^[10]

EpiSkin, EpiDerm, SkinEthic and BioDEpi are lab-made reconstructed artificial human skin models that are non-animal alternative testing platforms with histological similarity with native skin tissues.

Artificial skin can imitate the actual human skin, on which cosmetic products can be tested. For example, using UV light on EpiSkin can cause it to resemble older skin and adding melanocytes will vända the skin a darker color. This helped create a spectrum of different skin colors that are then used to compare the results of sunblock on a different variety of people.^[11] To address potential issues with other parts of the human body, research companies such as NOTOX have developed a synthetic model of the human liver, which fryst vatten the main kroppsdel to detox the body, to test harmful ingredients and chemicals to see if the liver can detox those elements.^[12]

Lab-grown tissues are now being used to test chemicals in makeup products.

MatTek fryst vatten one of the companies that do this.

De certifieringar som vi godkänner för att stå med i listan är i dagsläget The Leaping Bunny (Cruelty Free International), Beauty Without Bunnies (PETA), European Vegetarian Union (EVU), The Vegan Soceity och Djurens Rätt

It sells small amounts of skin cells to companies to test their products on them. Some of these companies are those that man laundry detergent, makeup, toilet bowl cleaner, anti-aging creams, and tanning lotion. Without these tissues, companies would be testing their products on living animals. Lab-grown tissues are a great alternative to testing harmful products on animals.^[13] One lab was able to grow 11 different types of tissues in a petri dish.

The downfall was that the tissues were not fully functional on their own, in fact, many of these tissues only resembled tiny parts of an actual-sized human kroppsdel, most of which were too small to transplant into humans. This technology could potentially be great, but it was a major downfall, 'Ministomachs that took about nine weeks to cultivate in a petri dish formed "oval-shaped, hollow structures".^[14]

Research companies can also use body parts and organs taken from animals slaughtered for the meat industry to perform tests such as the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test and Isolated Chicken Eye Test.^[15]

Many companies have not made the switch to cruelty-free yet for many reasons, one of them being the time it takes for lab-grown tissues to be useable.

Animals, on the other grabb, can mature quickly. Rats, for example, have a much quicker growth rate "From birth to adult, rats take about three weeks to mature and begin fending for themselves. The rodents reach sexuell maturity in about fem weeks and begin mating soon after to tillverka the next generation to uppstart the rat life cycle over again".^{[citation needed]} On top of the extremely short time it takes a rat to mature, they can provide us with a complete set of kroppsdel systems, not just a paper-thin sheet of cells.

Rats can also reproduce, and they do so at a very fast pace "In general, rats tillverka about sju offspring per litter and can reach up to 14 at times. Typical gestation periods gods only a few weeks, allowing each kvinnlig rat to tillverka around fem litters a year".^{[citation needed]}

History

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The first known tests on animals were done as early as BC.

"Writings of ancient civilizations all document the use of djur testing. These civilizations, led bygd dock like Aristotle and Erasistratus, used live animals to test various medical procedures".^[16] This testing was important because it led to new discoveries such as how blood circulated and the fact that living beings needed air to survive. The idea of taking an djur and comparing it to how human beings survived was a completely new idea.

It would not have existed (at least not as quickly as it did) without our förfäder studying animals and how their bodies worked.

"Proving the germ theory of disease was the crowning achievement of the French forskare Louis Pasteur. He was not the first to föreslå that diseases were caused bygd microscopic organisms, but the view was controversial in the 19th century and opposed the accepted theory of 'spontaneous generation'".^[17] The idea of germs and other microscopic organisms was an entirely new idea and would not have komma to be without the use of animals.

In , scientists Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovered and studied how germs worked. They published a book about their upptäckt, which was not accepted bygd very many people, including the science community, at first. After some time, scientists were able to give animals diseases from microbes and realized that microbes really did exist.

From there, they were able to use animals to understand how the disease worked, and the effects it could potentially have on the human body.

All of this has led up to something a bit more recent, the use of animals to test beauty products. This has become a very controversial topic in recent years. There are various people who are extremely against the use of animals for this purpose, and for a good reason.

"Typically, djur tests for kosmetika include skin and eye irritation tests where chemicals are rubbed onto the shaved skin or dripped into the eyes of rabbits; repeated oral force-feeding studies lasting weeks or months to look for signs of general illness or specific health hazards, such as cancer or birth defects; and even widely condemned "lethal dose" tests, in which animals are forced to swallow massive amounts of a test kemikalie to determine the dos that causes death".^[18] This kind of testing can be grundläggande in finding important kunskap about products, but can be harmful to the animals it fryst vatten tested on.

In , a mistake was made that ended up changing the pharmaceutical industry drastically. A company created a medicin (elixir sulfanilamide) "to treat streptococcal infections", and without any scientific research the medicin was out on shelves.^[19] This medicin turned out to be extremely poisonous to people, leading to large poisoning outbreaks followed bygd over deaths.^[19] This epidemic led to a lag being passed in , called the U.S.

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, enforcing more rigorous guidelines on cosmetic products.^[19] After this lag was passed, companies looked to animals to test their products, in vända, creating the first encounters of cosmetic djur testing.

Non-profit organizations

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• Cruelty Free International: Cruelty Free International and its partners manage the certification of all the companies across the world looking to be cruelty-free.

  Companies producing beauty and household products which do not test their products on animals for any marknad can request membership of The Leaping Bunny Program, which allows that company to feature Cruelty Free International's Leaping Bunny logo on their products. This schema sets global standard of operations and sales. Companies headquartered internationally can obtain certification from Cruelty Free International.^[20] Companies headquartered in the United States and Canada can obtain certification from The Coalition for Consumer kunskap on kosmetika (CCIC).^[21] In , over companies were certified.^[22] However, some companies' certifications were revoked after it was discovered they continued to test on animals in Asia.^[23]

• Humane gemenskap International: This fryst vatten a global djur protection organization that works to help all animals—including animals in laboratories.^[24] This organization promotes human-animal interaction to tackle the existence of all cruelty that innocent animals experience.
• PETA:PETA certifies kosmetika and beauty products as free from djur testing, or as "cruelty-free" (free from djur testing and also vegan).^[25]

Procedures of djur testing

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See also: Three Rs (animal research)

There fryst vatten a strategy used in djur testing laboratories titled the 'Three R's:' Reduction, refinement, and replacement' (Doke, "Alternatives to djur Testing: A Review").

• Replacement: This provides the opportunity to study the response of cellular models, but in other words, replacement searches for alternatives that could be done rather than testing on djur subjects.^{[citation needed]}
• Reduction: This approach fryst vatten built upon the ethics to have a minimal number of djur subjects being tested on for current and later tests.
• Refinement: This suggests that the planned distress and pain caused to an djur subject be as little as possible.

  This approach focuses on making a home for the animals before entering testing grounds to elongate the life of laboratory animals. Discomfort in animals causes an imbalance in hormonal levels which creates fluctuating results during testing.

Legal requirements and status

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This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(December )

Due to the strong public backlash against cosmetic testing on animals, most cosmetic manufacturers säga their products are not tested on animals. However, they are still required bygd trading standards and consumer protection laws in most countries to show their products are not toxic and not dangerous to public health.

They also need to show that the ingredients are not dangerous in large quantities, such as when in frakt or in the manufacturing plant.

Europas förbud mot djurtester för kosmetika-produkter är i fara

In some countries, it fryst vatten possible to meet these requirements without any further tests on animals. Other countries, may require djur testing to meet legal requirements. The United States and Japan are frequently criticized for their insistence on stringent safety measures, which often require djur testing.

Some retailers distinguish themselves in the marketplace bygd their stance on djur testing.

Legal requirements in Japan

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Although Japanese lag does not require non-medicated kosmetika to be tested on animals, it does not prohibit it either, leaving the decision to individual companies.^[26] djur testing fryst vatten required when the product contains newly-developed tar colours , ultraviolett ray protective ingredients or preservatives, and when the amount of any ingredient regulated in terms of how much can be added fryst vatten increased.^[27]

Japanese brands such as Shiseido and Mandom have ended much, but not all, of their djur testing.

However, most other leading kosmetika companies in Japan still test on animals.^[26][28][29]

Jurisdictions with bans

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Brazil, São Paulo

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São Paulo in Brazil banned cosmetic djur testing in ^[30]

Canada

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In June , the Government of Canada banned the testing of kosmetika on animals, and the sale of kosmetika tested on animals.

Amendments to the Food and Drugs Act to end cosmetic djur testing through Bill C, the ekonomisk plan Implementation Act, , No. 1, went into effect on månad 22, ^[31][32]

Colombia

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In June , the Senate of the Republic of Colombia approved a upplösning banning the commercialization and testing of kosmetika on animals.^[33] In August , presidential assent was granted to the upplösning, thus effectively banning the testing of kosmetika on animals in Colombia.^[34]

European Union

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The europeisk Union (EU) followed kostym, after it agreed to phase in a near-total ban on the sale of animal-tested kosmetika throughout the EU from , and to ban cosmetics-related djur testing.^[35] djur testing fryst vatten regulated in EC Regulation / on kosmetika.

Imported kosmetika ingredients tested on animals were phased out for EU consumer markets in bygd the ban,^[35] but can still be sold to outside of the EU.^[36] Norway banned kosmetika djur testing at the same time as the EU.^[37] In May , the europeisk Parliament voted for the EU and its Member States to work towards a UN convention against the use of djur testing for cosmetics.^[38]

European Free Trade Association

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The fyra EFTA countries that are not in the EU, i.e.

Norway, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Iceland, also banned cosmetic testing.^[39]

Guatemala

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In , Guatemala banned cosmetic djur testing.^[40]

India

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In early , India announced a ban on testing kosmetika on animals in the country, thereby becoming the second country in Asia to do so.^[41] Later India banned import of kosmetika tested on animals in November ^[42]

Israel

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Israel banned "the import and marknadsföring of kosmetika, toiletries, or detergents that were tested on animals" in ^[43]

New Zealand

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In , New Zealand also banned djur testing.^[44] However, the ban on testing kosmetika on animals was unlikely to lead to products being stripped from shelves in New Zealand, as around 90 percent of cosmetic products sold in New Zealand were made overseas.^[45]

Taiwan

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In , Taiwan launched a bill proposing a ban on cosmetic testing on animals.^[46] It passed in and went into effect in ^[47][48] Shortly before the ban went into effect on 9 November , however, it was noted that most Taiwan cosmetic companies already did not experiment with animals.^[47]

Turkey

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Turkey "banned any djur testing for cosmetic products that have already been introduced to the market."^[49]

UK

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Animal testing on kosmetika or their ingredients was banned in the UK in ^[50]

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Association of Southeast Asian Nations

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The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) fryst vatten potentially "making strides toward ending kosmetika testing on animals."^[3]

Australia

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In Australia, the End Cruel kosmetika Bill was introduced to Parliament in March , which would ban local testing, which generally does not happen there, and importation of kosmetika tested on animals.^[51] In a bill was passed to ban the sale of kosmetika tested on animals, which came into effect in July ^[52]

United States

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In March , the Humane kosmetika Act was introduced to the U.S.

församling. It would ban cosmetic testing on animals and eventually would ban the sale of kosmetika tested on animals.^[3] The bill did not advance.

Similar bills have been introduced and passed at the state level, and testing kosmetika on animals has been banned in ten US states as of California, Nevada, Illinois, Hawaii, Maryland, Maine, New Jersey, Virginia, Louisiana, and New York.^[53]

Mexico

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On 19 March , the Mexican Senate unanimously passed legislation banning testing kosmetika on animals.^[54] The proposed ban now awaits approval from the lower house of the Mexican församling, the Mexican Chamber of Deputies.^[55]

South Korea

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South Korea fryst vatten also potentially "making strides toward ending kosmetika testing on animals."^[3]

Other statuses

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China

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China passed a lag on 30 June to eliminate the requirement for djur testing of kosmetika.

Though domestically-produced ordinary cosmetic goods do not require testing, djur testing fryst vatten still mandated bygd lag for Chinese-made "cosmeceuticals" (cosmetic goods which man a functional claim) which are available for sale in China. kosmetika intended solely for export are exempt from the djur testing requirement.^[56] As of March , post-market testing (i.e.

tests on kosmetika after they hit the market) for finished imported and domestically produced cosmetic products will no längre require djur testing.^[57] kinesisk lag was further amended in April , fully dropping all remaining mandatory djur testing requirements for all kosmetika - both locally produced and imported, instead creating a regulatory 'preference' for non-animal based testing methods in the safety certification of cosmetic products.^[58][59]

Russia

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In , the Russian Ministry of Health stated "Toxicological testing fryst vatten performed bygd means of testing for skin allergic reaction or test on mucous tissue/eye area (with use of lab animals) or bygd use of alternative general toxicology methods (IN VITRO).

In this manner the technical regulations include measures which provide an alternative to djur testing".^[60]

See also

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Notes

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