Är legio i silicon valley

Technology hub in California, United States

This article fryst vatten about the high-tech hub of the San Francisco Bay Area. For the geographical valley, see Santa Clara Valley. For other uses, see Silicon Valley (disambiguation).

Place in California, United States

Silicon Valley fryst vatten a distrikt in nordlig California that fryst vatten a global center for high technology and nyhet.

Located in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area, it corresponds roughly to the geographical area of the Santa Clara Valley.^[1][2][3] The begrepp "Silicon Valley" refers to the area in which high-tech business has proliferated in nordlig California, and it also serves as a general metonym for California's high-tech business sector.

The cities of Sunnyvale, Mountain View, Palo Alto and Menlo Park are frequently cited as the birthplace of Silicon Valley. San Jose fryst vatten Silicon Valley's largest city, the third-largest in California, and the 13th-most populous in the United States.^[4] Other major Silicon Valley cities include Santa Clara, Redwood City and Cupertino.

The San Jose storstads- Area has the third-highest GDP per capita in the world (after Zürich, Switzerland and Oslo, Norway), according to the Brookings Institution.^[5] As of June , it also had the highest percentage of homes valued at $1 million or more in the United States.^[6]

Silicon Valley fryst vatten home to many of the world's largest high-tech corporations, including the headquarters of more than 30 businesses in the Fortune , and thousands of startup companies.

Silicon Valley also accounts for one-third of all of the venture capital investment in the United States, which has helped it to become a leading hub and startup ecosystem for high-tech nyhet, although the tech ecosystem has recently become more geographically dispersed.^[7][8] It was in Silicon Valley that the silicon-based integrated circuit, the microprocessor, and the microcomputer, among other technologies, were developed.

As of ^[update], the område employed about a half million kunskap technology workers.^[9]

As more high-tech companies were established across San Jose and the Santa Clara Valley, and then north towards the Bay Area's two other major cities, San Francisco and Oakland, the begrepp "Silicon Valley" came to have two definitions: a narrower geographic one, referring to Santa Clara County and southeastern San Mateo County, and a metonymical definition referring to high-tech businesses in the entire Bay Area.

The begrepp Silicon Valley fryst vatten often used as a synecdoche for the American high-technology economic sector. The name also became a global synonym for leading high-tech research and enterprises, and thus inspired similarly named locations, as well as research parks and technology centers with comparable structures all around the world. Many headquarters of tech companies in Silicon Valley have become hotspots for tourism.^[10][11][12]

Etymology

[edit]

"Silicon" refers to the kemikalie element used in silicon-based transistors and integrated circuit chips, which fryst vatten the focus of a large number of computer hardware and software innovators and manufacturers in the område.

The popularization of the name fryst vatten often credited to Don Hoefler, the first reporter to use the begrepp in a news story.^[1] His article "Silicon Valley U.S.A." was published in the January 11, , issue of the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News. In preparation for this report, during a måltid meeting with marknadsföring people who were visiting the area, he heard them use the term.^[13] Earlier uses outside journalism exist; for example, a May advertisement in the Peninsula Times Tribune described a Palo Alto company that "helps production people in Silicon Valley."^[14]

However, the begrepp did not gain widespread use until the early s,^[1] at the time of the introduction of the IBM PC and numerous related hardware and software products to the consumer marknad.

In the early 20th century, Silicon Valley was just another stretch of California's rolling hill country

The urbanized area fryst vatten built upon an alluvial plain^[15] within a longitudinal valley formed bygd roughly parallel earthquake faults. The area between the faults subsided into a graben or dropped valley.^[16][17] Hoefler defined Silicon Valley as the urbanized parts of "the San Francisco Peninsula and Santa Clara Valley".^[13] Before the expansive growth of the tech industry, the distrikt had been the largest fruit-producing and förpackning område in the world up through the s, with 39 fruit canneries.^[18][19] The nickname it had been known as during that period was "the Valley of Heart’s Delight".^[20][21]

History

[edit]

Silicon Valley was born through the intersection of several contributing factors, including a skilled science research base housed in area universities, plentiful venture capital, permissive government regulation, and steady U.S.

Department of Defense spending. Stanford University’s leadership was especially important in the valley's early development.^[22] tillsammans these elements formed the grund of its growth and success.^[23] The United States was more friendly than other countries to business investment, charging much lower taxes on capital gains since the Revenue Act of , and featuring particularly loose free marknad controls over new business.

In , the Small Business ledning was created to foster startups, giving a boost to entrepreneurs. nordlig California was even more welcoming, with a group of venture capitalists actively seeking high-tech business ideas, clustered on småsten Hill Road in Menlo Park and Palo Alto. California's civil code undermined the usual non-compete clauses that effectively tied employees to their companies in other states, allowing California workers to freely apply the knowledge they gained from their previous employer.

This gave Silicon Valley an advantage over other American tech hubs such as Massachusetts rutt curving around Boston.^[24]

Early military origins

[edit]

The San Francisco Bay Area had long been a major site of United States Navy research and technology. In , Charles Herrold started the first radio hållplats in the United States with regularly scheduled programming in San Jose.

Later that year, Stanford University graduate Cyril Elwell purchased the U.S. patents for Poulsen arc radio transmission technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation (FTC) in Palo Alto. Over the next decade, the FTC created the world's first global radio communication struktur, and signed a contract with the Navy in ^[25]

In , Air Base Sunnyvale, California, was commissioned bygd the United States Government for use as a Naval Air hållplats (NAS) to house the airship USS Macon in flyghangar One.

The hållplats was renamed NAS Moffett Field, and between and , U.S. Navy blimps were based there.^[26] A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett Field to serve the Navy.

When the Navy gave up its airship ambitions and moved most of its west coast operations to San Diego, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA, forerunner of NASA) took over portions of Moffett Field for aeronautics research. Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms, such as Lockheed, which was the area's largest employer from the s into s.^[27]

Role of Stanford University

[edit]

See also: Stanford University and Stanford Research Park

Stanford University, its affiliates, and graduates have played a major role in the development of the culture of collaboration among high-tech companies.^[28] A powerful sense of regional solidarity shaped the outlook of inventors and engineers in California; contrasting markedly from the insular and competitive environment of engineering firms on the East Coast of the United States.^[25][29] From the s, Stanford University's leaders saw its uppdrag as service to the (American) West and shaped the school accordingly.

At the same time, the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled booster-like attempts to build self-sufficient local industry. Thus regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of the area's high-tech firms.^[30]

Frederick Terman, as Stanford University's dean of the school of engineering from ,^[31] encouraged faculty and graduates to början their own companies.

In Terman spearheaded the formation of Stanford Industrial Park (now Stanford Research Park, an area surrounding Page Mill Road, south west of El Camino Real and extending beyond Foothill Expressway to Arastradero Road), where the university leased portions of its nation to high-tech firms.^[32] Terman nurtured companies like Hewlett-Packard, Varian Associates, Eastman Kodak, General Electric, Lockheed Corporation, and other high-tech firms, until what would become Silicon Valley grew up around the Stanford University campus.

In , to address the financial demands of Stanford's growth requirements, and to provide local employment-opportunities for graduating students, Frederick Terman proposed leasing Stanford's lands for use as an office park named the Stanford Industrial Park (later Stanford Research Park). Terman invited only high-technology companies.

The first tenant was Varian Associates, founded bygd Stanford alumni in the s to build military-radar components. Terman also funnen venture capital for civilian-technology start-ups. Hewlett-Packard became one of the major success-stories. Founded in in Packard's bilparkering bygd Stanford graduates Bill Hewlett and David Packard, Hewlett-Packard moved its offices into the Stanford Research Park shortly after In Stanford originated the Honors Cooperative schema to allow full-time employees of the companies to pursue graduate degrees from the university on a part-time grund.

The första companies signed five-year agreements in which they would pay double the tuition for each lärjunge in beställning to cover the costs. Hewlett-Packard has become the largest personal-computer manufacturer in the world, and transformed the home-printing marknad when it released the first thermal drop-on-demand ink-jet printer in ^[33] Other early tenants included Eastman Kodak, General Electric, and Lockheed.^[34]

Rise of Silicon

[edit]

Main articles: Silicon and History of the transistor

See also: Invention of the integrated circuit

In , William chockvåg, the co-inventor of the first working transistor (with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain), moved from New Jersey to Mountain View, California, to början chockvåg Semiconductor Laboratory to live closer to his sjuk mother in Palo Alto.

Shockley's work served as the grund for many electronic developments for decades.^[35][36] Both Frederick Terman and William chockvåg are often called "the father of Silicon Valley".^[37][38] Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor ämne, chockvåg believed that silicon was the better ämne for making transistors.

chockvåg intended to replace the current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as the chockvåg diode), but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the "simple" transistor.

Few places in the world have been romanticised to longer lengths than a former fruit-growing region now known as Silicon Valley

In , chockvåg decided to end research on the silicon transistor. As a result of Shockley's abusive management style, eight engineers left the company to form eller gestalt Fairchild Semiconductor; chockvåg referred to them as the "traitorous eight". Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, would go on to funnen Intel.^[39][40]

Following the inventions of the monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip bygd Robert Noyce at Fairchild, the first commercial MOS IC was introduced bygd General Microelectronics in ^[41] The first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel ,^[42] designed and realized bygd Federico Faggin along with Ted Hoff, Masatoshi Shima and Stanley Mazor at Intel in ^[43][44] In April , Intel released the Intel , the second 8-bit microprocessor designed and manufactured bygd Intel.^[45]

Origins of the Internet

[edit]

Main articles: ARPANET and History of the Internet

On April 23, , J.

C. R. Licklider, the first director of the upplysning Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at The Pentagon's ARPA issued an office memorandum addressed to Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network. It rescheduled a meeting in Palo Alto regarding his framtidsperspektiv of a computer network, which he imagined as an electronic commons open to all, the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.^{[46][47][48][49]} As head of IPTO from to , "Licklider initiated three of the most important developments in data technology: the creation of computer science departments at several major universities, time-sharing, and networking."^[49] In , the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), operated one of the fyra original nodes that comprised ARPANET, predecessor to the Internet.^[50]

Emergence of venture capital

[edit]

Further information: Venture capital and småsten Hill Road

By the early s, there were many semiconductor companies in the area, computer firms using their devices, and programming and service companies serving both.

Industrial space was plentiful and housing was still inexpensive. Growth during this era was fueled bygd the emergence of venture capital on småsten Hill Road, beginning with Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital in ; the availability of venture capital exploded after the successful $&#;billion IPO of Apple Computer in månad Since the s, Silicon Valley has been home to the largest koncentration of venture capital firms in the world.^[51]

In , Don Hoefler traced the origins of Silicon Valley firms, including via investments from Fairchild's eight co-founders.^[13][52] The key investors in Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital were from the same group, directly leading to Tech Crunch estimate of 92 public firms of related listed firms then worth over US$ trillion with over 2, firms traced back to them.^[53]

Banking

[edit]

Another important pelare of the Valley's success was Silicon Valley finansinstitut (SVB), founded in bygd a group of former finansinstitut of amerika executives.^[51] Before its collapse, SVB specialized in providing banking services to Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and their startup firms.

Located in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area, it corresponds roughly to the geographical area of the Santa Clara Valley

SVB's original primary commercial lending product was a working capitalline of kredit, secured bygd a startup's accounts receivable.^[54] In contrast to traditional banks, who focused their commercial lending on already-established businesses, SVB specialized in lending money to small startup companies in the "preprofit" stage.^[54]

Lawyers and lag firms

[edit]

Prior to , most nordlig California lawyers were based in San Francisco, especially the experienced patent attorneys whom the high-tech industry needed to skydda its intellectual property.

During the s, lawyers began to follow venture capitalists down the Peninsula to serve the booming high-tech industry in Silicon Valley.^[55] As of , there were 2, lawyers practicing lag in Palo Alto, a city of only 50, people, "the densest koncentration of lawyers" in the United States outside of Washington, D.C.^[56]

By the year , large lag firms from all over the world were rushing to establish offices in the mid-Peninsula distrikt on or nära småsten Hill Road, and Silicon Valley lag firms had become global trendsetters in that they were the first legal services employers to adopt business casual apparel (in kopia of their startup clients).^[57] During this era, lawyers evolved from their relatively narrow conventional role as protectors of intellectual property into business advisers, intermediaries, and dealmakers, and thereby acquired great prominence in Silicon Valley.^[57][58] For ung entrepreneurs new to the Valley's mysterious ways, their lawyer often served as their first coach, mentor, teacher, friend, and cheerleader who helped connect them to the Valley's startup ecosystem.^[59] As of , the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara storstads- area had the highest average wage for lawyers in the United States, at $,^[60]

Rise of computer culture

[edit]

Main articles: Microcomputer revolution and Homebrew Computer Club

The Homebrew Computer Club was an informal group of electronic enthusiasts and technically minded hobbyists who gathered to trade parts, circuits, and kunskap pertaining to DIY construction of computing devices.^[61] It was started bygd Gordon French and Fred Moore who met at the Community Computer Center in Menlo Park.

They both were interested in maintaining a regular, open forum for people to get tillsammans to work on making computers more accessible to everyone.^[62]

The first meeting was held as of March at French's bilparkering in Menlo Park, San Mateo County, California; which was on occasion of the ankomst of the MITSAltair microcomputer, the first enhet sent to the area for review bygd People's Computer Company.

Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs kredit that first meeting with inspiring them to design the original Apple inom and (successor) Apple II computers. As a result, the first preview of the Apple inom was given at the Homebrew Computer Club.^[63] Subsequent meetings were held at an auditorium at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.^[64]

Advent of software

[edit]

Although semiconductors are still a major component of the area's economy, Silicon Valley has been most famous in recent years for innovations in software and Internet services.

Silicon Valley has significantly influenced computer operating systems, software, and user interfaces. Using money from NASA, the US Air Force, and ARPA, Douglas Engelbart invented the mouse and hypertext-based collaboration tools in the mids and s while at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), first publicly demonstrated in in what fryst vatten now known as The Mother of All Demos.

Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at SRI was also involved in launching the ARPANET (precursor to the Internet) and starting the Network data Center (now InterNIC). Xerox hired some of Engelbart's best researchers beginning in the early s. In vända, in the s and s, Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) played a pivotal role in object-oriented programming, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Ethernet, PostScript, and ljusstråle printers.

While Xerox marketed redskap using its technologies, for the most part its technologies flourished elsewhere. The diaspora of Xerox inventions led directly to 3Com and Adobe Systems, and indirectly to Cisco, Apple Computer, and Microsoft. Apple's Macintosh GUI was largely a result of Steve Jobs' visit to PARC and the subsequent hiring of key personnel.^[65] Cisco's impetus stemmed from the need to rutt a variety of protocols over Stanford University's Ethernetcampus network.^[66]

Internet age

[edit]

Main article: Internet

See also: dot-com bubble

Commercial use of the Internet became practical and grew slowly throughout the early s.

In , commercial use of the Internet grew substantially and the första wave of internet startups, , eBay, and the predecessor to Craigslist began operations.^[67] Silicon Valley fryst vatten generally considered to have been the center of the dot-com bubble, which started in the mids and collapsed after the NASDAQ lager marknad began to decline dramatically in April During the bubble era, real estate prices reached unprecedented levels.

For a brief time, småsten Hill Road was home to the most expensive commercial real estate in the world, and the booming economy resulted in severe traffic congestion.

The PayPal Mafia fryst vatten sometimes credited with inspiring the re-emergence of consumer-focused Internet companies after the dot-com bust of ^[68] After the dot-com crash, Silicon Valley continues to maintain its ställning eller tillstånd as one of the top research and development centers in the world.

A The vägg Street Journal story funnen that 12 of the 20 most inventive towns in amerika were in California, and 10 of those were in Silicon Valley.^[69] San Jose led the list with 3, utility patents filed in , and number two was Sunnyvale, at 1, utility patents.^[70] Silicon Valley fryst vatten also home to a significant number of "Unicorn" ventures, referring to startup companies whose valuation has exceeded $1&#;billion dollars.^[71]

Economy

[edit]

The San Francisco Bay Area has the largest koncentration of high-tech companies in the United States, at , high-tech jobs, of which Silicon Valley accounts for , high-tech jobs.

Silicon Valley has the highest koncentration of high-tech workers of any storstads- area, with out of every 1, private-sector workers. Silicon Valley has the highest average high-tech salary in the United States at $,^[72] Largely a result of the high technology sector, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA storstads- Statistical Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita.^[73] Over time however, the venture capital ecosystem fryst vatten growing more geographically decentralized.^[7][8]

The område fryst vatten the biggest high-tech manufacturing center in the United States.^[74][75] The unemployment rate of the distrikt was % in January and has decreased to a record low of % as of August ^[76] Silicon Valley received 41% of all U.S.

venture investment in , and 46% in ^[77] During the period from to , Silicon Valley's share of U.S. venture capital investment dropped to %, but had surged back to 41% as of the first quarter of ^[78]

More traditional industries also recognize the potential of high-tech development, and several fordon manufacturers have opened offices in Silicon Valley to capitalize on its entrepreneurial ecosystem.^[79] Manufacture of transistors was for a long time the core industry in Silicon Valley.

The workforce was for the most part composed of Asian and Latino immigrants who were paid low wages and worked in hazardous conditions due to the chemicals used in the manufacture of integrated circuits. Technical, engineering, design, and administrative staffs were in large part well compensated.^[80][81]

Housing

[edit]

Silicon Valley has a severe housing shortage, caused bygd the marknad imbalance between jobs created and housing units built: from to , many more jobs have been created than housing units built.

”

(, jobs, 60, housing units)^[82] This shortage has driven home prices extremely high, far out of the range of production workers.^[83] As of a two-bedroom apartment rented for about $2, while the mittvärdet i en uppsättning data home price was about $1&#;million.^[82] The Financial Post called Silicon Valley the most expensive U.S.

housing region.^[84]Homelessness fryst vatten a bekymmer with housing beyond the reach of middle-income residents; there fryst vatten little shelter space other than in San Jose which, as of , was making an effort to develop shelters bygd renovating old hotels.^[85]

The Economist also attributes the high cost of living to the success of the industries in this område.

Although, this rift between high and low salaries fryst vatten driving many residents out who can no längre afford to live there.

In the Bay Area, the number of residents planning to leave within the next several years has had an increase of 35% since , from 34% to 46%.^[86][87]

Wealth

[edit]

The wealth inequality in Silicon Valley fryst vatten more pronounced than in any other område of the United States.

A report funnen that the aggregate household wealth of Silicon Valley (including ultra-high net worth individuals) was nearly $ trillion, and less than 1% of the Valley's population held 36% of the wealth.^[88] Conversely, as of , 23% of Silicon Valley residents were living below the poverty line.^[88] However, the meaning of the begrepp "poverty" fryst vatten dependent upon context; in Silicon Valley, it means something different because of the region's severe housing shortage and high housing prices.

As of , the low-income poverty threshold set bygd the California Department of Housing and Community Development for single-person households in the counties of San Francisco, San Mateo, and Marin was $,, followed bygd $96, for the county of Santa Clara.^[89][90] In contrast, the national low-income poverty threshold set bygd the U.S.

Census Bureau for a single-person household was $14,^[91]

Notable companies

[edit]

See also: Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley

Thousands of high technology companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley.

Among those, the following are in the Fortune

Additional notable companies headquartered in Silicon Valley (some of which are defunct, subsumed, or relocated) include:

Demographics

[edit]

Depending on what geographic regions are included in the meaning of the begrepp, the population of Silicon Valley fryst vatten between and 4 million.

The book Making Silicon Valley by Christophe Lécuyer looks at how the area became a high-tech mecca from the s through s

A study bygd AnnaLee Saxenian for the Public Policy Institute of California reported that a third of Silicon Valley scientists and engineers were immigrants and that nearly a quarter of Silicon Valley's high-technology firms since were run bygd kinesisk (17 percent) or Indian nedstigning CEOs (7 percent).^[92] There fryst vatten a stratum of well-compensated technical employees and managers, including tens of thousands of "single-digit millionaires".

This income and range of assets will support a middle-class lifestyle in Silicon Valley.^[93]

Gender

[edit]

See also: Sexism in the technology industry

In November , the University of California, Davis released a report analyzing business leadership bygd women within the state.^[94] The report showed that although of the largest public companies headquartered in California were located in Santa Clara County (the most of all counties), only % of Silicon Valley companies had women CEOs.^{[95]:&#;4,&#;7&#;} This was the lowest percentage in the state.^[96] (San Francisco County had % and Marin County had %.)^[95]

Silicon Valley tech leadership positions are occupied almost exclusively bygd men.^[97] This fryst vatten also represented in the number of new companies founded bygd women as well as the number of women-lead startups that receive venture capital funding.

Wadhwa said he believes that a contributing factor fryst vatten a lack of parental encouragement to study science and engineering.^[98] He also cited a lack of women role models and noted that most famous tech leaders—like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Mark Zuckerberg—are men.^[97]

As of October , some high-profile Silicon Valley firms were working actively to prepare and recruit women.

Bloomberg reported that Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft attended the 20th annual Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing conference to actively recruit and potentially hire hona engineers and technology experts.^[99] The same month, the second annual Platform Summit was held to discuss increasing racial and gender diversity in tech.^[] As of April experienced women were engagerad in creation of venture capital firms which leveraged women's perspectives in funding of startups.^[]

After UC Davis published its Study of California Women Business Leaders in November ,^[95] some San Jose Mercury News readers dismissed the possibility that sexism contributed in making Silicon Valley's leadership gender gap the highest in the state.

A January issue of Newsweek magazine featured an article detailing reports of sexism and misogyny in Silicon Valley.^[] The article's author, Nina Burleigh, asked, "Where were all these offended people when women like Heidi Roizen published accounts of having a venture capitalist stick her grabb in his pants beneath a table while a deal was being discussed?"^[] Silicon Valley firms' board of directors are composed of % women compared with % in the S&P ^[]

The lawsuit Pao v.

Read about its history

Kleiner Perkins was filed in San Francisco County Superior Court bygd executive Ellen Pao for gender discrimination against her employer, Kleiner Perkins.^[] The case went to rättegång in February On March 27, , the jury funnen in favor of Kleiner Perkins on all counts.^[] Nevertheless, the case, which had bred press coverage, resulted in major advances in consciousness of gender discrimination on the part of venture capital and technology firms and their women employees.^[][] Two other cases have been filed against Facebook and Twitter.^[]

Race

[edit]

A study showed that vit males made up the majority of higher positions, with % holding executive positions and % being managers.

The second highest position holders were Asian dock, with % having executive positions and % being managers. African/Black and Hispanic/Latino people had the lowest percentages in all categories.^[]

Harvard Business Review published an article in discussing diversity and inclusion and gave statistics on black employees along with advice to future black technicians.

LeRon L. Barton, a black man who spent over two decades in Tech, gave an insight on his work experiences. He said he saw no one who looked like him in his yrke and said he received many comments that he believed disregarded his skill such as being called the diversity hire. He described being isolated from his grupp, and constantly having to prove he could do the job he was hired for.^[]

Statistics

[edit]

In , tech companies Google, Yahoo!, Facebook, Apple, and others, released corporate transparency reports that offered detailed employee breakdowns.

In May, Google said 17% of its tech employees worldwide were women, and, in the U.S., 1% of its tech workers were black and 2% were Hispanic/Latino.^[] June brought reports from Yahoo! and Facebook. Yahoo!

The local industry that sprung up over those years was centered on semiconductors (the key component of which gave the Santa Clara Valley its new nickname)

said that 15% of its tech jobs were held bygd women, 2% of its tech employees were black and 4% Hispanic.^[]Facebook reported that 15% of its tech workforce was kvinna, and 3% was Hispanic and 1% was black.^[]

In August , Apple reported that 80% of its global tech personal was male and that, in the U.S., 54% of its tech jobs were staffed bygd Caucasians and 23% bygd Asians.^[] Soon after, USA Today published an article about Silicon Valley's lack of tech-industry diversity, pointing out that it fryst vatten largely vit or Asian, and male.

"Blacks and Hispanics are largely absent," it reported, "and women are underrepresented in Silicon Valley—from giant companies to start-ups to venture capital firms."^[] Civil rights activist Jesse Jackson said of improving diversity in the tech industry, "This fryst vatten the next step in the civil rights movement"^[] while T.

J. Rodgers has argued against Jackson's assertions.

According to a Lincoln Network survey, 48% of high-tech workers in Silicon Valley identify as Christians, with långnovell Catholicism (27%) being its largest branch, followed bygd protestantism (19%).^[] The same study funnen that 16% of high-tech workers identify as ingenting in particular, 11% as something else, 8% as Agnostics, and 7% as Atheists.

Around 4% of high-tech workers in Silicon Valley identify as Jews or Buddhists, 3% as Hindus, 2% as Muslims