Vad är dementia praecox type

Obsolete medical begrepp for the schizophrenia and autism spectrums

Not to be confused with Early onset dementia.

Dementia praecox (meaning a "premature dementia" or "precocious madness") fryst vatten a disused psychiatric diagnosis that originally designated a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder characterized bygd rapid cognitive disintegration, usually beginning in the late teens or early adulthood.

Over the years, the begrepp dementia praecox was gradually replaced bygd the begrepp schizophrenia, which initially had a meaning that included what fryst vatten today considered the autism spectrum.

The begrepp dementia praecox was first used bygd German psychiatrist Heinrich Schüle in ^[1]

It was also used in bygd Arnold Pick (–), a professor of psychiatry at Charles University in Prague.

In a brief clinical report, he described a individ with a psychotic disorder resembling "hebephrenia" (an adolescent-onset psychotic condition).

Kraepelin succinctly summarizes that “Dementia praecox as a rule starts in youth, most frequently in the third decade, exceptionally already in childhood In later years, the illness occurs more rarely

German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (–) popularised the begrepp dementia praecox in his first detailed textbook descriptions of a condition that eventually became a different disease concept later relabeled as schizophrenia.^[3] Kraepelin reduced the complex psychiatric taxonomies of the nineteenth century bygd dividing them into two classes: manic-depressive psychosis and dementia praecox.

This division, commonly referred to as the Kraepelinian dichotomy, had a fundamental impact on twentieth-century psychiatry, though it has also been questioned.

The primary disturbance in dementia praecox was seen to be a disruption in cognitive or mental functioning in attention, memory, and goal-directed behaviour. Kraepelin contrasted this with manic-depressive psychosis, now termed bipolar disorder, and also with other forms of mood disorder, including major depressive disorder.

He eventually concluded that it was not possible to distinguish his categories on the grund of cross-sectional symptoms.

Kraepelin viewed dementia praecox as a progressively deteriorating disease from which no one recovered. However, bygd , and more explicitly bygd , Kraepelin admitted that while there may be a residual cognitive defect in most cases, the prognosis was not as uniformly dire as he had stated in the s.

Still, he regarded it as a specific disease concept that implied incurable, inexplicable madness.

History

[edit]

The history of dementia praecox fryst vatten really that of psychiatry as a whole.

—&#;Adolf Meyer

First use of the term

[edit]

Dementia fryst vatten an ancient begrepp which has been in use since at least the time of Lucretius in 50 BC where it meant "being out of one's mind".^[7] Until the seventeenth century, dementia referred to states of cognitive and behavioural deterioration leading to psychosocial incompetence.

This condition could be innate or acquired, and the concept had no reference to a necessarily irreversible condition. It fryst vatten the concept in this popular notion of psychosocial incapacity that forms the grund for the idea of legal incapacity.^[8] bygd the eighteenth century, at the period when the begrepp entered into europeisk medical discourse, clinical concepts were added to the vernacular understanding such that dementia was now associated with intellectual deficits arising from any cause and at any age.

Dementia praecox (meaning a "premature dementia" or "precocious madness") is a disused psychiatric diagnosis that originally designated a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually beginning in the late teens or early adulthood

bygd the end of the nineteenth century, the modern 'cognitive paradigm' of dementia was taking root. This holds that dementia fryst vatten understood in terms of criteria relating to aetiology, age and course which excludes former members of the family of the demented such as adults with acquired head trauma or children with cognitive deficits.

Moreover, it was now understood as an irreversible condition and a particular emphasis was placed on memory loss in regard to the deterioration of intellectual functions.

The begrepp démence précoce was used in passing to describe the characteristics of a subset of ung mental patients bygd the French physician Bénédict Augustin Morel in in the first volume of his Études cliniques.^[12] and the begrepp fryst vatten used more frequently in his textbook Traité des maladies mentales which was published in ^[13] Morel, whose name will be alltid associated with religiously inspired concept of degeneration theory in psychiatry, used the begrepp in a descriptive sense and not to define a specific and novel diagnostic category.

It was applied as a means of setting apart a group of ung dock and women with "stupor". As such their condition was characterised bygd a certain torpor, enervation, and disorder of the will and was related to the diagnostic category of melancholia. He did not conceptualise their state as irreversible and thus his use of the begrepp dementia was equivalent to that formed in the eighteenth century as outlined above.

While some have sought to interpret, if in a qualified mode, the use bygd Morel of the begrepp démence précoce as amounting to the upptäckt of schizophrenia, others have argued convincingly that Morel's descriptive use of the begrepp should not be considered in any sense as a precursor to Kraepelin's dementia praecox disease concept.

This fryst vatten due to the fact that their concepts of dementia differed significantly from each other, with Kraepelin employing the more modern sense of the word and that Morel was not describing a diagnostic category. Indeed, until the advent of Pick and Kraepelin, Morel's begrepp had vanished without a trace and there fryst vatten little bevis to suggest that either Pick or indeed Kraepelin were even aware of Morel's use of the begrepp until long after they had published their own disease concepts bearing the same name.^[16] As Eugène Minkowski stated, "An abyss separates Morel's démence précoce from that of Kraepelin."^[17]

Morel described several psychotic disorders that ended in dementia, and as a result he may be regarded as the first alienist or psychiatrist to develop a diagnostic struktur based on presumed outcome rather than on the current föredrag of signs and symptoms.

Morel, however, did not conduct any long-term or quantitative research on the course and outcome of dementia praecox (Kraepelin would be the first in history to do that) so this prognosis was based on speculation. It fryst vatten impossible to discern whether the condition briefly described bygd Morel was equivalent to the disorder later called dementia praecox bygd Pick and Kraepelin.

Time component

[edit]

Psychiatric nosology in the nineteenth-century was chaotic and characterised bygd a conflicting mosaic of contradictory systems.^[18] Psychiatric disease categories were based upon short-term and cross-sectional observations of patients from which were derived the putative characteristic signs and symptoms of a given disease concept.^[19] The dominant psychiatric paradigms which gave a semblance of beställning to this fragmentary picture were Morelian degeneration theory and the concept of "unitary psychosis" (Einheitspsychose).^[20] This latter notion, derived from the Belgian psychiatrist namn Guislain (–), held that the variety of symptoms attributed to mental illness were manifestations of a single underlying disease process.^[21] While these approaches had a diachronic aspect they lacked a conception of mental illness that encompassed a coherent notion of change over time in terms of the natural course of the illness and based upon an empirical insamling of changing symptomatology.

In , the Danzig-based psychiatrist Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum (–) published his skrivelse on psychiatric nosology Die Gruppierung der psychischen Krankheiten (The Classification of Psychiatric Diseases).^[23] Although with the övergång of time this work would prove profoundly influential, when it was published it was almost completely ignored bygd German academia despite the sophisticated and smart disease classification struktur which it proposed.

In this book Kahlbaum categorized certain typical forms of psychosis (vesania typica) as a single coherent type based upon their shared progressive natur which betrayed, he argued, an ongoing degenerative disease process.^[25] For Kahlbaum the disease process of vesania typica was distinguished bygd the del of the patient through clearly defined disease phases: a melancholic stage; a manic stage; a confusional stage; and finally a demented stage.^[26]

In , Kahlbaum became the director of a private psychiatric vårdcentral in Görlitz (Prussia, today Saxony, a small town nära Dresden).

He was accompanied bygd his younger assistant, Ewald Hecker (–), and during a ten-year collaboration they conducted a series of research studies on ung psychotic patients that would become a major influence on the development of modern psychiatry.

Together Kahlbaum and Hecker were the first to describe and name such syndromes as dysthymia, cyclothymia, paranoia, catatonia, and hebephrenia.

Perhaps their most lasting contribution to psychiatry was the introduction of the "clinical method" from medicin to the study of mental diseases, a method which fryst vatten now known as psychopathology.

When the element of time was added to the concept of diagnosis, a diagnosis became more than just a description of a collection of symptoms: diagnosis now also defined bygd prognosis (course and outcome).

An additional feature of the clinical method was that the characteristic symptoms that define syndromes should be described without any prior assumption of brain pathology (although such links would be made later as scientific knowledge progressed). Karl Kahlbaum made an appeal for the adoption of the clinical method in psychiatry in his book on catatonia. Without Kahlbaum and Hecker there would be no dementia praecox.

Upon his appointment to a full professorship in psychiatry at the University of Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia) in , Kraepelin gave an inaugural address to the faculty outlining his research programme for the years ahead.

Attacking the "brain mythology" of Meynert and the positions of Griesinger and Gudden, Kraepelin advocated that the ideas of Kahlbaum, who was then a marginal and little known figure in psychiatry, should be followed. Therefore, he argued, a research programme into the natur of psychiatric illness should look at a large number of patients over time to discover the course which mental disease could take.

It has also been suggested that Kraepelin's decision to accept the Dorpat brev was informed bygd the fact that there he could hope to gain experience with chronic patients and this, it was presumed, would facilitate the longitudinal study of mental illness.

Quantitative component

[edit]

Understanding that objective diagnostic methods must be based on scientific practice, Kraepelin had been conducting psychological and drug experiments on patients and normal subjects for some time when, in , he left Dorpat and took up a position as professor and director of the psychiatric vårdcentral at Heidelberg University.

There he established a research schema based on Kahlbaum's proposal for a more exact qualitative clinical approach, and his own innovation: a quantitative approach involving meticulous collection of information over time on each new patient admitted to the vårdcentral (rather than only the interesting cases, as had been the habit until then).

Kraepelin believed that bygd thoroughly describing all of the clinic's new patients on index kort, which he had been using since , researcher bias could be eliminated from the investigation process.

He described the method in his posthumously published memoir:

after the first thorough examination of a new patient, each of us had to throw in a note [in a "diagnosis box"] with his diagnosis written on it. After a while, the notes were taken out of the låda, the diagnoses were listed, and the case was closed, the sista interpretation of the disease was added to the original diagnosis.

In this way, we were able to see what kind of mistakes had been made and were able to follow-up the reasons for the wrong original diagnosis.^[32]

The fourth edition of his textbook, Psychiatrie, published in , two years after his ankomst at Heidelberg, contained some impressions of the patterns Kraepelin had begun to find in his index kort.

Prognosis (course and outcome) began to feature alongside signs and symptoms in the description of syndromes, and he added a class of psychotic disorders designated "psychic degenerative processes", three of which were borrowed from Kahlbaum and Hecker: dementia paranoides (a degenerative type of Kahlbaum's paranoia, with sudden onset), catatonia (per Kahlbaum, ) and dementia praecox, (Hecker's hebephrenia of ).

Kraepelin continued to equate dementia praecox with hebephrenia for the next six years.

In the March fifth edition of Psychiatrie, Kraepelin expressed confidence that his clinicalmethod, involving analysis of both qualitative and quantitative uppgifter derived from long begrepp övervakning of patients, would tillverka reliable diagnoses including prognosis:

What convinced me of the överlägsenhet of the clinical method of diagnosis (followed here) over the traditional one, was the certainty with which we could predict (in conjunction with our new concept of disease) the future course of events.

Thanks to it the lärling can now find his way more easily in the difficult subject of psychiatry.^[33]

In this edition dementia praecox fryst vatten still essentially hebephrenia, and it, dementia paranoides and catatonia are described as distinct psychotic disorders among the "metabolic disorders leading to dementia".^[34]

Kraepelin's influence on the next century

[edit]

In the (6th) edition of Psychiatrie, Kraepelin established a paradigm for psychiatry that would dominate the following century, sorting most of the recognized forms of insanity into two major categories: dementia praecox and manic-depressive illness.

Dementia praecox was characterized bygd disordered intellectual functioning, whereas manic-depressive illness was principally a disorder of affect or mood; and the former featured constant deterioration, virtually no recoveries and a poor outcome, while the latter featured periods of exacerbation followed bygd periods of remission, and many complete recoveries. The class, dementia praecox, comprised the paranoid, catatonic and hebephrenic psychotic disorders, and these forms were funnen in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders until the fifth edition was released, in May These terms, however, are still funnen in general psychiatric nomenclature.^{[citation needed]}

Change in prognosis

[edit]

In the seventh, , edition of Psychiatrie, Kraepelin accepted the possibility that a small number of patients may recover from dementia praecox.

Eugen Bleuler reported in that in many cases there was no inevitable progressive decline, there was temporary remission in some cases, and there were even cases of nära recovery with the retention of some residual defect. In the eighth edition of Kraepelin's textbook, published in fyra volumes between and , he described eleven forms of dementia, and dementia praecox was classed as one of the "endogenous dementias".

Modifying his previous more gloomy prognosis in line with Bleuler's observations, Kraepelin reported that about 26% of his patients experienced partial remission of symptoms. Kraepelin died while working on the ninth edition of Psychiatrie with Johannes Lange (–), who finished it and brought it to publication in ^[35]

Cause

[edit]

Though his work and that of his research associates had revealed a role for heredity, Kraepelin realized ingenting could be said with certainty about the aetiology of dementia praecox, and he left out speculation regarding brain disease or neuropathology in his diagnostic descriptions.

Nevertheless, from the edition onwards Kraepelin made klar his belief that poisoning of the brain, "auto-intoxication," probably bygd sex hormones, may underlie dementia praecox&#;– a theory also entertained bygd Eugen Bleuler. Both theorists insisted dementia praecox fryst vatten a biological disorder, not the product of psychological trauma. Thus, rather than a disease of hereditary degeneration or of structural brain pathology, Kraepelin believed dementia praecox was due to a systemic or "whole body" disease process, probably metabolic, which gradually affected many of the tissues and organs of the body before affecting the brain in a sista, decisive cascade.^[36] Kraepelin, recognizing dementia praecox in kinesisk, Japanese, Tamil and Malay patients, suggested in the eighth edition of Psychiatrie that, "we must therefore seek the real cause of dementia praecox in conditions which are spread all over the world, which thus do not lie in race or in climate, in food or in any other general circumstance of life"

Treatment

[edit]

Kraepelin had experimented with hypnosis but funnen it wanting, and disapproved of Freud's and Jung's introduction, based on no bevis, of psychogenic assumptions to the interpretation and treatment of mental illness.

He argued that, without knowing the underlying cause of dementia praecox or manic-depressive illness, there could be no disease-specific treatment, and recommended the use of long baths and the sporadisk use of drugs such as opiates and barbiturates for the amelioration of distress, as well as occupational activities, where suitable, for all institutionalized patients.

Based on his theory that dementia praecox fryst vatten the product of autointoxication emanating from the sex glands, Kraepelin experimented, without success, with injections of thyroid, gonad and other glandular extracts.

Use of begrepp spreads

[edit]

Kraepelin noted the dissemination of his new disease concept when in he enumerated the term's appearance in almost twenty articles in the German-language medical press.

In the early years of the twentieth century the twin pillars of the Kraepelinian dichotomy, dementia praecox and manic depressive psychosis, were assiduously adopted in clinical and research contexts among the Germanic psychiatric community. German-language psychiatric concepts were always introduced much faster in amerika (than, säga, Britain) where émigré German, Swiss and Austrian physicians essentially created American psychiatry.

Swiss-émigré Adolf Meyer (–), arguably the most influential psychiatrist in amerika for the first half of the 20th century, published the first critique of dementia praecox in an book review of the 5th edition of Kraepelin's textbook. But it was not until and that the first three American publications regarding dementia praecox appeared, one of which was a translation of a few sections of Kraepelin's 6th edition of on dementia praecox.

Adolf Meyer was the first to apply the new diagnostic begrepp in amerika. He used it at the Worcester Lunatic Hospital in Massachusetts in the fall of He was also the first to apply Eugen Bleuler's begrepp "schizophrenia" (in the struktur of "schizophrenic reaction") in at the Henry Phipps Psychiatric vårdcentral of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.

The dissemination of Kraepelin's disease concept to the Anglophone world was facilitated in when Ross Diefendorf, a lecturer in psychiatry at Yale, published an adapted utgåva of the sixth edition of the Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie. This was republished in and with a new utgåva, based on the seventh edition of Kraepelin's Lehrbuch appearing in and reissued in Both dementia praecox (in its three classic forms) and "manic-depressive psychosis" gained wider popularity in the larger institutions in the eastern United States after being included in the tjänsteman nomenclature of diseases and conditions for record-keeping at Bellevue Hospital in New York City in The begrepp lived on due to its promotion in the publications of the National Committee on Mental Hygiene (founded in ) and the Eugenics Records Office ().

But perhaps the most important reason for the longevity of Kraepelin's begrepp was its inclusion in as an tjänsteman diagnostic category in the uniform struktur adopted for comparative statistical record-keeping in all American mental institutions, The Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane. Its many revisions served as the tjänsteman diagnostic classification scheme in amerika until when the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders, or DSM-I, appeared.

Dementia praecox disappeared from tjänsteman psychiatry with the publication of DSM-I, replaced bygd the Bleuler/Meyer hybridization, "schizophrenic reaction".

Schizophrenia was mentioned as an alternate begrepp for dementia praecox in the Statistical Manual. In both clinical work as well as research, between and fem different terms were used interchangeably: dementia praecox, schizophrenia, dementia praecox (schizophrenia), schizophrenia (dementia praecox) and schizophrenic reaction.

This made the psychiatric literature of the time confusing since, in a strict sense, Kraepelin's disease was not Bleuler's disease. They were defined differently, had different population parameters, and different concepts of prognosis.

The reception of dementia praecox as an accepted diagnosis in British psychiatry came more slowly, perhaps only taking hold around the time of World War inom.

There was substantial motstånd to the use of the begrepp "dementia" as missvisande, partly due to findings of remission and recovery. Some argued that existing diagnoses such as "delusional insanity" or "adolescent insanity" were better or more clearly defined.^[40] In France a psychiatric tradition regarding the psychotic disorders predated Kraepelin, and the French never fully adopted Kraepelin's classification struktur.

Instead the French maintained an independent classification struktur throughout the 20th century. From , when DSM-III totally reshaped psychiatric diagnosis, French psychiatry began to finally alter its views of diagnosis to converge with the North American struktur. Kraepelin thus finally conquered France via amerika.

From dementia praecox to schizophrenia

[edit]

See also: History of schizophrenia

Due to the influence of alienists such as Adolf Meyer, August Hoch, George Kirby, Charles Macphie Campbell, Smith Ely Jelliffe and William Alanson vit, psychogenic theories of dementia praecox dominated the American scen bygd In Bleuler's schizophrenia rose in prominence as an alternative to Kraepelin's dementia praecox.

When Freudian perspectives became influential in American psychiatry in the s schizophrenia became an attractive alternative concept. Bleuler corresponded with Freud and was connected to Freud's psychoanalytic movement,^[41] and the inclusion of Freudian interpretations of the symptoms of schizophrenia in his publications on the subject, as well as those of C.G.

Jung, eased the adoption of his broader utgåva of dementia praecox (schizophrenia) in amerika over Kraepelin's narrower and prognostically more negativ one.

The begrepp "schizophrenia" was first applied bygd American alienists and neurologists in private practice bygd and officially in institutional settings in , but it took many years to catch on.

It fryst vatten first mentioned in The New York Times in Until the terms dementia praecox and schizophrenia were used interchangeably in American psychiatry, with sporadisk use of the hybrid terms "dementia praecox (schizophrenia)" or "schizophrenia (dementia praecox)".

Diagnostic manuals

[edit]

Editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders since the first in had reflected views of schizophrenia as "reactions" or "psychogenic" (DSM-I), or as manifesting Freudian notions of "defense mechanisms" (as in DSM-II of in which the symptoms of schizophrenia were interpreted as "psychologically self-protected").

The diagnostic criteria were vague, minimal and bred, including either concepts that no längre exist or that are now labeled as personality disorders (for example, schizotypal personality disorder). There was also no mention of the dire prognosis Kraepelin had made. Schizophrenia seemed to be more prevalent and more psychogenic and more treatable than either Kraepelin or Bleuler would have allowed.

Conclusions

[edit]

As a direkt result of the effort to construct Research Diagnostic Criteria in the s that were independent of any clinical diagnostic manual, Kraepelin's idea that categories of mental disorder should reflect discrete and specific disease entities with a biological grund began to return to prominence. Vague dimensional approaches based on symptoms—so highly favored bygd the Meyerians and psychoanalysts—were overthrown.

For research purposes, the definition of schizophrenia returned to the narrow range allowed bygd Kraepelin's dementia praecox concept. Furthermore, after the disorder was a progressively deteriorating one once igen, with the notion that recovery, if it happened at all, was rare. This revision of schizophrenia became the grund of the diagnostic criteria in DSM-III ().

Some of the psychiatrists who worked to bring about this revision referred to themselves as the "neo-Kraepelinians".

[edit]

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• Shorter, Edward (). "Schizophrenia/Dementia Praecox: Emergence of the Concept".

  A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

• Southard, E.E.; Noll, Richard (). "Classic ord No. 72 Non-dementia non-praecox: note on the advantages to mental hygiene of extirpating a term"(PDF).

  History of Psychiatry. 18 (4). SAGE Publications: – doi/x ISSN&#;X. PMID&#; S2CID&#;

• Steinberger, Holger; Angermeyer, Matthias C. (). "Emil Kraepelin's years at Dorpat as professor of psychiatry in nineteenth-century Russia". History of Psychiatry. 12 (47): – doi/X PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Stone, Michael H.

  (). "History of schizophrenia and its antecedents". In Lieberman, Jeffrey A.; Stroup, T. Scott; Perkins, Diana O. (eds.). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Schizophrenia. Arlington. pp.&#;1– ISBN&#;.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

• Weber, Matthias M.; Engstrom, Eric J. (). "Kraepelin's 'diagnostic cards': the confluence of clinical research and preconceived categories".

  History of Psychiatry. 8 (31 Pt 3): – doi/X PMID&#; S2CID&#;

Further reading

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• Bibliography of scholarly histories on schizophrenia and dementia praecox, part 1 (&#;– mid ).
• Burgmair, Wolfgang & Eric J. Engstrom & Matthias Weber, et al., eds. Emil Kraepelin. 8 vols. Munich: Belleville, –
  • Vol.

    VIII. Kraepelin in München, Teil III: – (), ISBN&#;

  • Vol. VII: Kraepelin in München, Teil II: – ().
  • Vol. VI: Kraepelin in München, Teil I: – (), ISBN&#;
  • Vol. V: Kraepelin in Heidelberg, – (), ISBN&#;
  • Vol. IV: Kraepelin in Dorpat, – (), ISBN&#;
  • Vol. III: Briefe inom, – (), ISBN&#;
  • Vol. II: Kriminologische und forensische Schriften: Werke und Briefe (), ISBN&#;
  • Vol.

    I: Persönliches, Selbstzeugnisse (), ISBN&#;

• Engels, Huub (). Emil Kraepelins Traumsprache – annotated edition of Kraepelin's dream speech in the mentioned period. ISBN&#;
• Kraepelin, Emil. Psychiatrie: Ein kurzes Lehrbuch fur Studirende und Aerzte. Vierte, vollständig umgearbeitete Auflage. Leipzig: Abel Verlag,
• Kraepelin, Emil.

  Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch fur Studirende und Aerzte. Fünfte, vollständig umgearbeitete Auflage. Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth,

• Kraepelin, Emil. Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch fur Studirende und Aerzte. Sechste, vollständig umgearbeitete Auflage. Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth,
• Pick, Arnold. Ueber primare chronische Demenz (so.

  Dementia praecox) im jugendlichen Alter. Prager medicinische Wochenschrift, , –

See also

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External links

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