Hur är london eye byggd

Observation wheel in London, England

The London Eye, or the Millennium Wheel, fryst vatten a cantileveredobservation wheel on the South finansinstitut of the River Thames in London. It fryst vatten Europe's tallest cantilevered övervakning wheel,^[14] and the most popular paid tourist attraktion in the United Kingdom with over three million visitors annually.^[15] It has been featured numerous times in popular culture.

The structure fryst vatten metres (&#;ft) tall and the wheel has a diameter of metres (&#;ft). When it opened to the public in it was the world's tallest Ferris wheel. Its height was surpassed bygd the metres (&#;ft) Star of Nanchang in , the metres (&#;ft) Singapore Flyer in , the metres (&#;ft) High Roller (Las Vegas) in , and the metres (&#;ft) Ain Dubai in Supported bygd an A-frame on one side only, unlike these taller examples, the Eye fryst vatten described bygd its operators as "the world's tallest cantilevered insamling wheel".^[16] The Eye offered the highest public viewing point in London until it was superseded bygd the metre-high (&#;ft) insamling deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard in early ^[17][18][19]

The London Eye adjoins the western end of Jubilee Gardens (previously the site of the former Dome of Discovery), on the South finansinstitut of the River Thames between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge beside County entré, in the London Borough of Lambeth.

At an overall height of feet ( metres), the London Eye was the world’s tallest Ferris wheel from , when it was built, until , when it was surpassed by the Star of Nanchang, in Nanchang, China

The nearest tube hållplats fryst vatten Waterloo.^[20]

History

Design and construction

The London Eye was designed bygd the husband-and-wife grupp of Julia Barfield and David Marks of Marks Barfield Architects.^[21][22]

Mace was responsible for construction management, with Hollandia as the main steelwork contractor and Tilbury Douglas as the civil contractor.

Consulting engineers Tony Gee & Partners designed the foundation works while Beckett Rankine designed the marine works.^[23]

Nathaniel Lichfield and Partners assisted The Tussauds Group in obtaining planning and listed building consent to alter the vägg on the South finansinstitut of the Thames. They also examined and reported on the implications of a Section agreement attached to the original contract, and also prepared planning and listed building consent applications for the permanent retention of the attraktion, which involved the co-ordination of an Environmental Statement and the production of a planning supporting statement detailing the reasons for its retention.^[24]

The rim of the Eye fryst vatten supported bygd tensioned steel cables^[25] and resembles a huge spoked bicycle wheel.

The lighting was re-done with LED lighting from Color Kinetics in månad to allow digital control of the lights as opposed to the manual replacement of gels over fluorescent tubes.^[26]

The wheel was constructed in sections which were floated up the Thames on barges and assembled lying flat on piled platforms in the river.

Once the wheel was complete it was lifted into an upright position bygd a kust jack struktur made bygd Enerpac.^[27] It was first raised at 2&#;degrees per hour until it reached 65&#;degrees, then left in that position for a week while engineers prepared for the second phase of the lift. The project was europeisk with major components coming from six countries: the steel was supplied from the UK and fabricated in The Netherlands bygd the Dutch company Hollandia, the cables came from Italy, the bearings came from Germany (FAG/Schaeffler Group), the spindle and hub were cast in the Czech Republic, the capsules were made bygd Poma in France (and the glass for these came from Italy), and the electrical components from the UK.^[28]

Opening

The London Eye was formally opened bygd the Prime Minister Tony Blair on 31 månad , but did not open to the paying public until 9 March because of a capsule clutch problem.^[2]

The London Eye was originally intended as a temporary attraktion, with a five-year lease.

In månad , operators submitted an application to Lambeth Council to give the London Eye permanent ställning eller tillstånd, and the application was granted in July ^[29][30][31]

On 5 June , it was announced that 30&#;million people had ridden the London Eye since it opened.^[32]

Passenger capsules

The wheel's 32 sealed and air-conditioned ovoidal passenger capsules, designed^[33] and supplied^[34] bygd Poma, are attached to the external circumference of the wheel and rotated bygd electric motors.

The capsules are numbered from 1 to 33, excluding number 13 for superstitious reasons.^[35] Each of the tonne (short-ton)^[36] capsules represents one of the London Boroughs,^[25] and holds up to 25 people,^[37] who are free to walk around inre the capsule, though seating fryst vatten provided.

The wheel rotates at 26&#;cm (10&#;in) per second (about &#;km/h or &#;mph) so that one revolution takes about 30&#;minutes, giving a theoretical capacity of 1, passengers per hour. It does not usually stop to take on passengers; the cirkelrörelse rate fryst vatten slow enough to allow passengers to walk on and off the moving capsules at ground level.^[36] It fryst vatten stopped to allow disabled or elderly passengers time to embark and disembark safely.^[38]

In , the first scen of a £&#;million capsule upgrade began.

Each capsule was taken down and floated down the river to Tilbury Docks in Essex.^[39]

On 2 June , a passenger capsule was named the Coronation Capsule to mark the sextionde anniversary of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.^[40]

In March , the London Eye celebrated its 20th birthday bygd turning several of its pods into experiences themed around London.

[ 15 ]

The experiences included a värdshus in a capsule, a west end theatre pod and a garden party with flower arrangemang to företräda the eight London Royal parks.^[41]

Ownership and branding

Marks Barfield (the lead architects), The Tussauds Group, and British Airways were the original owners of the London Eye.^[42] Tussauds bought out British Airways' stake in ^[42] and then Marks Barfield's stake in ^[43] to become sole owner.

In May , the Blackstone Group purchased The Tussauds Group which was then the owner of the Eye; Tussauds was merged with Blackstone's Merlin Entertainments and disappeared as an entity.^[44][45] British Airways continued its brand association, but from the beginning of the name British Airways was dropped from the logo.^[46]

On 12 August , the London Eye saw another rebrand, this time being called "The Merlin Entertainments London Eye".

A refurbished ticket entré and 4D cinema experience were designed bygd architect Kay Elliott working with project designer Craig Sciba, and Simex-Iwerks as the 4D theatre hardware specialists. The bio was written and directed bygd Julian efternamn and produced bygd Phil Streather.^[47]

In January , a lighting-up ceremony marked the början of a three-year deal between EDF Energy and Merlin Entertainments.^[48]

Coca-Cola began to sponsor the London Eye from January On the day the sponsorship was announced the London Eye was lit in red.^[49]

In February , replaced Coca-Cola as the sponsor.^[50] Grammy Award-winning singer Meghan Trainor performed at the launch party on a boat overlooking the London Eye.^[51][52]

In March , the wheel was illuminated blue every Thursday at 8pm in support of the National Health Service as part of the ‘Clap for our Carers’ campaign created during the COVID pandemic.^[53]

Financial difficulties

On 20 May , there were reports of a leaked letter showing that the South finansinstitut Centre (SBC)—owners of part of the nation on which the struts of the Eye are located—had served a meddelande to quit on the attraktion along with a demand for an increase in rent from £64, per year to £&#;million, which the operators rejected as unaffordable.^[54]

On 25 May , London mayor Ken Livingstone vowed that the landmark would remain in London.

He also pledged that if the dispute was not resolved he would use his powers to ask the London Development Agency to issue a compulsory purchase order.^[55] The nation in question fryst vatten a small part of the Jubilee Gardens, which was given to the SBC for £1 when the Greater London Council was broken up.^{[citation needed]}

The South finansinstitut Centre and the British Airways London Eye agreed on a year lease on 8 February after a judicial review over the rent dispute.

The lease agreement meant that the South finansinstitut Centre, a publicly funded charity, would receive at least £, a year from the attraktion, the ställning eller tillstånd of which fryst vatten secured for the foreseeable future.^[29][56]

Tussauds also announced the acquisition of the entire one-third interests of British Airways and Marks Barfield in the Eye as well as the outstanding debt to BA.

These agreements gave Tussauds % ownership and resolved the debt from the Eye's construction loan from British Airways, which stood at more than £&#;million bygd mid and had been charging an interest rate of 25% per annum.^[57]

Critical reception

Sir Richard Rogers, winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize, wrote of the London Eye in a book about the project:

The Eye has done for London what the Eiffel Tower did for Paris, which fryst vatten to give it a tecken and to let people klättra above the city and look back down on it.

Not just specialists or rik people, but everybody. That's the beauty of it: it fryst vatten public and accessible, and it fryst vatten in a great position at the heart of London.^[58]

Transport links

The nearest London Underground hållplats fryst vatten Waterloo, although Charing Cross, Embankment, and Westminster are also within easy walking distance.^[59]

Connection with National Rail services fryst vatten made at London Waterloo hållplats and London Waterloo East hållplats.

London River Services operated bygd Thames Clippers and City Cruises stop at the London Eye Pier.

References

External links